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Skepticism
Skepticism is one of the perennial problems of philosophy: from antiquity, to the early modern period of Descartes and Hume, and right through to the present day.It remains a fundamental and widely studied topic and, as Annalisa Coliva and Duncan Pritchard show in Skepticism, it presents us with a paradox with important ramifications not only for epistemology but also for many other core areas of philosophy. This book provides a thorough grounding in contemporary debates about skepticism, exploring the following key topics: the core skeptical arguments, with a particular focus on Cartesian and Humean radical skepticism the epistemic principles that are held to underlie skeptical arguments, such as the Closure and Underdetermination principlesthe content externalism of Putnam, Davidson, and Chalmers, and how it might help us respond to radical skepticism the epistemic externalism/internalism distinction and how it relates to the skeptical problematic contextualism in epistemology and its anti-skeptical import the various interpretations of a Wittgensteinian hinge epistemology the viability of epistemological disjunctivism, including whether it can be combined with hinge epistemology as part of a dual response to radical skepticism liberal and conservative responses to the Humean skeptical paradox.Both authors are prominent figures who work on skepticism, and so one novelty of the book is that it provides an insight into their own contrasting responses to this philosophical difficulty.With the addition of annotated further reading and a glossary, this is an ideal starting point for anyone studying the philosophy of skepticism, along with students of epistemology, metaphysics, and contemporary analytic philosophy.
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Answering Moral Skepticism
Most thoughtful people worry at one time or another about whether there can actually be such a thing as objective moral truth.They might wonder, for example, whether the prevalence of moral disagreement makes it reasonable to conclude that there aren't really any moral facts at all. Or they might be bothered by questions like these: What could objective moral facts possibly be like?Isn't it obvious that morality is simply relative to particular societies and particular times?If there were moral facts, how could we ever come to know anything about them?Can morality really have the motivating and rational force we normally take it to have?How can one possibly find a place for objective moral values in a scientific worldview?Some people are driven by questions like these to the conclusion that we should embrace skepticism about morality, denying the very existence of anything worthy of the name.In Answering Moral Skepticism, Shelly Kagan shows how those who accept the existence of objective moral truth can provide plausible answers to these questions.Focusing throughout on issues that trouble reflective individuals, Kagan provides an accessible defense of the belief in objective morality will be of interest to both students of metaethics as well as anyone worried about the objectivity of their own moral judgements.
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Skepticism: The Basics
This book introduces students and other interested readers to the philosophical study of skepticism, a central and long-standing subject in philosophy.The first three chapters cover knowledge, providing the necessary foundation for introducing skepticism in the book's final three chapters.Throughout, the volume addresses basic questions in these two areas, such as:What are the differences between the three types of knowledge: direct knowledge, knowledge by ability, and propositional knowledge?What is the Gettier problem and why does it resist easy solutions?Why do philosophers still talk about René Descartes’ techniques for raising doubts about what we can know but have largely forgotten Descartes’ attempts to answer these doubts?How do we know that we’re not just brains in a vat?Is Pyrrhonian skepticism—the idea that we know absolutely nothing—ultimately self-refuting?With a glossary of key terms and suggestions for further reading, Skepticism: The Basics is an ideal starting point for anyone seeking a lively and accessible foray into the study of epistemology. Key Features and Benefits: Cover both traditional topics – like the tripartite conception of knowledge – and emerging issues, like knowledge-first epistemology and concessive responses to inductive skepticismDemystifies an area where beginners frequently get stuck: the difference between common-sense skepticism and philosophical skepticismClearly explains the important contributions from historical and contemporary thinkers, like Descartes, Hume, Popper, Quine, Dretske, Strawson, Nozick, and Sosa
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Skepticism : Historical and Contemporary Inquiries
Skepticism is one of the most enduring and profound of philosophical problems.With its roots in Plato and the Sceptics to Descartes, Hume, Kant and Wittgenstein, skepticism presents a challenge that every philosopher must reckon with.In this outstanding collection philosophers engage with skepticism in five clear sections: the philosophical history of skepticism in Greek, Cartesian and Kantian thought; the nature and limits of certainty; the possibility of knowledge and related problems such as perception and the debates between objective knowledge and constructivism; the transcendental method as a response to skepticism and the challenge of naturalism; overcoming the skeptical challenge. Skepticism: Historical and Contemporary Inquiries is essential reading for students and scholars in epistemology and the history of philosophy and will also be of interest to those in related disciplines such as religion and sociology.
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What is skepticism?
Skepticism is an attitude of doubt or disbelief towards certain beliefs or claims. It involves questioning the validity or truth of something, often requiring evidence or logical reasoning to support a claim before accepting it as true. Skepticism can be a healthy approach to critically evaluating information and avoiding being misled by false or unsubstantiated claims. It encourages individuals to think critically and not accept information at face value.
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"Is my skepticism justified?"
It is natural to have skepticism, as it can help us critically evaluate information and make informed decisions. However, it is important to balance skepticism with an open mind and willingness to consider new perspectives. Reflect on the reasons for your skepticism and seek out reliable sources of information to validate your concerns. Ultimately, it is important to trust your instincts and make decisions that align with your values and beliefs.
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What is Bertrand Russell's skepticism?
Bertrand Russell's skepticism is a philosophical position that questions the possibility of attaining certain knowledge. He believed that our beliefs and knowledge should be based on evidence and reason rather than faith or intuition. Russell was skeptical of metaphysical claims and religious beliefs, advocating for a scientific and empirical approach to understanding the world. His skepticism led him to challenge traditional philosophical and religious doctrines, encouraging critical thinking and open-mindedness.
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Has philosophy or even science overcome skepticism?
Philosophy and science have made significant progress in addressing skepticism, but it is an ongoing process. Both disciplines have developed methods and theories to challenge and counter skepticism, such as the scientific method and philosophical arguments for the reliability of knowledge. However, skepticism continues to be a fundamental challenge in both fields, and there is ongoing debate and inquiry into how to best address and overcome it. While progress has been made, it is an ongoing and complex issue that continues to be a central concern in philosophy and science.
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Oakeshott’s Skepticism, Politics, and Aesthetics
This collection engages the work of Michael Oakeshott predominantly on the themes of his skepticism, politics, and aesthetics. An international set of authors engages and expands the analysis of Oakeshott’s writings in often neglected areas and topics and in ways that brings Oakeshott into conversation with a surprisingly diverse set of thinkers.
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In Praise of Skepticism : Trust but Verify
A culture of trust is usually claimed to have many public benefits--by lubricating markets, managing organizations, legitimating governments, and facilitating collective action.Any signs of its decline are, and should be, a matter of serious concern.Yet, In Praise of Skepticism recognizes that trust has two faces.Confidence in anti-vax theories has weakened herd immunity.Faith in Q-Anon conspiracy theories triggered insurrection.Disasters flow from gullible beliefs in fake Covid-19 cures, Madoff pyramid schemes, Russian claims of Ukrainian Nazis, and the Big Lie denying President Biden's legitimate election.Trustworthiness involves an informal social contract by which principals authorize agents to act on their behalf in the expectation that they will fulfill their responsibilities with competency, integrity, and impartiality, despite conditions of risk and uncertainty.Skeptical judgments reflect reasonably accurate and informed predictions about agents' future actions based on their past performance and guardrails deterring dishonesty, mendacity, and corruption.We should trust but verify. Unfortunately, assessments are commonly flawed. Both cynical beliefs (underestimating performance) and credulous faith (over-estimating performance) involve erroneous judgements reflecting cultural biases, poor cognitive skills, and information echo chambers.These conclusions draw on new evidence from the European Values Survey/World Values Survey conducted among over 650,000 respondents in more than 100 societies over four decades.In Praise of Skepticism warns that an excess of credulous trust poses serious and hitherto unrecognized risks in a world full of seductive demagogues playing on our insecurities, lying swindlers exploiting our greed, and silver-tongued conspiracy theorists manipulating our darkest fears.
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The New Heretics : Skepticism, Secularism, and Progressive Christianity
Charts the development of progressive Christianity’s engagement with modern science, historical criticism, and liberal humanismChristians who have doubts about the existence of God?Who do not believe in the divinity of Jesus? Who reject the accuracy of the Bible? The New Heretics explores the development of progressive Christianity, a movement of Christians who do not reject their identity as Christians, but who believe Christianity must be updated for today’s times and take into consideration modern science, historical criticism, and liberal humanism. Drawing on three years of ethnographic fieldwork in North America, Rebekka King focuses on testimonies of deconversion, collective reading practices, and the ways in which religious beliefs and practices are adapted to fit secular lives.King introduces the concept of “lived secularity” as a category with which to examine the ways in which religiosity often is entangled with and subsumed by secular identities over and against religious ones.This theoretical framework provides insight into the study of religious and cultural hybridity, new emerging groups such as “the nones,” atheism, religious apostasy, and multi-religious identities.The New Heretics pays close attention to the ways that progressive Christians understand themselves vis-à-vis a conservative or fundamentalist Christian “other,” providing context concerning the presumed divide between the religious right and the religious left.King shows that while it might be tempting to think of progressive Christians as atheists, there are religious and moral dimensions to their disbelief.For progressive Christians the act of questioning and rejecting God—alongside other theological tenets—is framed as a moral activity.Ultimately, the book showcases the importance of engaging with the ethics of belief in understanding contemporary Christianity.
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The Copernican Question : Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus publicly defended his hypothesis that the earth is a planet and the sun a body resting near the center of a finite universe.But why did Copernicus make this bold proposal? And why did it matter? The Copernican Question reframes this pivotal moment in the history of science, centering the story on a conflict over the credibility of astrology that erupted in Italy just as Copernicus arrived in 1496.Copernicus engendered enormous resistance when he sought to protect astrology by reconstituting its astronomical foundations.Robert S. Westman shows that efforts to answer the astrological skeptics became a crucial unifying theme of the early modern scientific movement.His interpretation of this "long sixteenth century," from the 1490s to the 1610s, offers a new framework for understanding the great transformations in natural philosophy in the century that followed.
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What is the difference between skepticism and rationalism?
Skepticism is the questioning of knowledge and beliefs, often doubting the certainty of truth claims and requiring evidence or justification for beliefs. Rationalism, on the other hand, is the belief that reason and logic are the primary sources of knowledge and justification for beliefs. While skepticism focuses on questioning and doubting beliefs, rationalism emphasizes the importance of reason and logical thinking in forming beliefs and understanding the world.
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What is the difference between skepticism and pessimism?
Skepticism is a questioning attitude towards knowledge, beliefs, or claims, where one doubts the validity or truth of something until sufficient evidence is provided. Pessimism, on the other hand, is a negative outlook or belief that things will turn out badly or that the worst will happen. While skepticism involves a critical evaluation of information, pessimism is more about expecting negative outcomes.
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