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Levels of Explanation
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence.It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. The different sciences furnish us with a wide variety of explanations: some work at macroscopic scales, some work at microscopic scales, and some operate across different levels.How do these different explanatory levels relate to one another, and what is an explanatory level in the first place?Over the last 50 years, more and more philosophers--both reductionists and anti-reductionists--no longer subscribe to the idea that the best explanation resides at the fundamental physical level.New challenges arise from the success of scientific explanations employing multi-level models which mix levels of explanation, from distinctive differences between levels structures in biology, cognitive science, and social science, from the apparently radical reimagining of the explanatory role of spacetime in our current best theories of fundamental physics, and from the enduring mystery of how higher-level explanations are possible in the first place.These questions naturally connect to classic philosophical ways of thinking about the relationships between levels: reduction, emergence, and fundamentality.This volume presents a snapshot of cutting-edge research on explanatory levels, from their conceptual foundations to the details of how they are used in scientific practice.
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A Perfect Explanation
Longlisted for the Not the Booker Prize 2019 Longlisted for The Desmond Elliott Prize 2019 Observer: Fiction to look out for in 2019 The i Paper’s 30 of the best new debut novels to read in 2019 Scottish Review of Books: 2019 in Prospect As featured on BBC Woman’s Hour, Sky Sunrise and London Live ‘Filled with cerebral intensity and scintillating dialogue’ —The Desmond Elliott Prize Exploring themes of ownership and abandonment, Eleanor Anstruther’s bestselling debut is a fictionalised account of the true story of Enid Campbell (1892–1964), granddaughter of the 8th Duke of Argyll. Interweaving one significant day in 1964 with a decade during the interwar period, A Perfect Explanation gets to the heart of what it is to be bound by gender, heritage and tradition, to fight, to lose, to fight again.In a world of privilege, truth remains the same; there are no heroes and villains, only people misunderstood.Here, in the pages of this extraordinary book where the unspoken is conveyed with vivid simplicity, lies a story that will leave you reeling.
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George Silverman's Explanation
After a traumatic early childhood spent living in poverty in a Preston cellar, the suddenly orphaned George Silverman grows up convinced that he is at fault for all the misfortunes in his life.Hoodwinked by hypocritical clergymen and exploited by his employer, he finds himself forsaking love and facing professional ruin. One of Dickens’s very last writings, ‘George Silverman’s Explanation’ is a dark and psychologically insightful investigation of failure and guilt.This volume also includes two other lesser-known pieces of fiction by Dickens: the novella for children ‘Holiday Romance’ and the detective story ‘Hunted Down’.
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Explanation and Understanding
Science aims to describe reality, to predict the future and to supply us with technology.But it also aims to explain and understand the world.What does it take to explain a phenomenon? Why are some explanations better than others? How do explanation and understanding relate to each other?In this thorough and clearly written introduction, Arnon Levy explores philosophical theories of explanation and understanding which can help answer these questions.Highlighted themes include:What are explanations and what makes some explanations better than others?Empiricism about explanation: Hempel's Deductive-Nomological model and its discontentsCausation and Causal theories of explanation: From Lewis, through Woodward to StrevensExplanatory models, the role idealization and abstraction in generating understandingMechanistic explanation: What is a mechanism?What kind of understanding do mechanistic models supply?Mathematical and other non-causal explanationsUnderstanding and its relation to explanation. Arguments are fleshed out with examples, chapter summaries, a glossary of key terms, and accompanying illustrations.As such, Explanation and Understanding is suitable for independent study or as a companion to classes in philosophy of science, metaphysics and other areas of philosophy in which explanation looms large.
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Explanation and Understanding
Science aims to describe reality, to predict the future and to supply us with technology.But it also aims to explain and understand the world.What does it take to explain a phenomenon? Why are some explanations better than others? How do explanation and understanding relate to each other?In this thorough and clearly written introduction, Arnon Levy explores philosophical theories of explanation and understanding which can help answer these questions.Highlighted themes include:What are explanations and what makes some explanations better than others?Empiricism about explanation: Hempel's Deductive-Nomological model and its discontentsCausation and Causal theories of explanation: From Lewis, through Woodward to StrevensExplanatory models, the role idealization and abstraction in generating understandingMechanistic explanation: What is a mechanism?What kind of understanding do mechanistic models supply?Mathematical and other non-causal explanationsUnderstanding and its relation to explanation. Arguments are fleshed out with examples, chapter summaries, a glossary of key terms, and accompanying illustrations.As such, Explanation and Understanding is suitable for independent study or as a companion to classes in philosophy of science, metaphysics and other areas of philosophy in which explanation looms large.
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The Explanation of Behaviour
The Explanation of Behaviour was the first book written by the renowned philosopher Charles Taylor.A vitally important work of philosophical anthropology, it is a devastating criticism of the theory of behaviourism, a powerful explanatory approach in psychology and philosophy when Taylor's book was first published.However, Taylor has far more to offer than a simple critique of behaviourism.He argues that in order to properly understand human beings, we must grasp that they are embodied, minded creatures with purposes, plans and goals, something entirely lacking in reductionist, scientific explanations of human behaviour. Taylor’s book is also prescient in according a central place to non-human animals, which like human beings are subject to needs, desires and emotions.However, because human beings have the unique ability to interpret and reflect on their own actions and purposes and declare them to others, Taylor argues that human experience differs to that of other animals.Furthermore, the fact that human beings are often directed by their purposes has a fundamental bearing on how we understand the social and moral world.Taylor’s classic work is essential reading for those in philosophy and psychology as well as related areas such as sociology and religion. This Routledge Classics edition includes a new Preface by the author and a new Foreword by Alva Noë, setting the book in philosophical and historical context.
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Beyond Description : Anthropologies of Explanation
Beyond Description brings anthropologists and other social scientists together to examine the problem of explanation.What is "an explanation?" What can it add? What makes it authoritative, clarifying, or misleading?Whom does it serve and how is it produced? These questions lie at the heart of recent public crises of confidence in expertise, political representation, and classic liberal visions of whom we can rely on for true and trustworthy accounts.In a world beset by events and processes that seem to defy expert predictions of their impossibility, and in which post-hoc accounts can often feel more like rationalizations than explanations, competing voices vie for public presence and seek to silence one another.Anthropology and the social sciences face such questions too, making contemporary explanatory practice both an empirical and a reflexive challenge.By combining ethnographic studies of practices of explanation in a range of contemporary political, medical, artistic, religious, and bureaucratic settings, the essays in Beyond Description offer critical examinations of changing norms and forms of explanation in the world and within anthropology itself.
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Inference to the Best Explanation
How do we go about weighing evidence, testing hypotheses, and making inferences?According to the model of Inference to the Best Explanation, we work out what to infer from the evidence by thinking about what would actually explain that evidence, and we take the ability of a hypothesis to explain the evidence as a sign that the hypothesis is correct.In Inference to the Best Explanation, Peter Lipton gives this important and influential idea the development and assessment it deserves. The second edition has been substantially enlarged and reworked, with a new chapter on the relationship between explanation and Bayesianism, and an extension and defence of the account of contrastive explanation.It also includes an expanded defence of the claims that our inferences really are guided by diverse explanatory considerations, and that this pattern of inference can take us towards the truth.This edition of Inference to the Best Explanation has also been updated throughout and includes a new bibliography.
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'Cologne joke - Explanation please?'
The Cologne joke is a play on words that involves the city of Cologne in Germany and the fragrance cologne. The joke typically involves a pun or wordplay that combines the two meanings of the word "Cologne." For example, a common Cologne joke might be: "I asked my friend to bring me back some Cologne from Cologne, and he came back with a bottle of perfume and a map of the city!" This joke relies on the double meaning of the word "Cologne" to create humor.
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I need an explanation.
An explanation is a detailed account or clarification of a topic, situation, or concept. It involves breaking down complex ideas into simpler terms to help someone understand it better. When someone asks for an explanation, they are seeking a clear and coherent description of something they may not fully comprehend. Providing an explanation involves presenting information in a logical and organized manner to aid in understanding.
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'Cologne joke - explanation please?'
The Cologne joke is a play on words that involves the city of Cologne, Germany, and the fragrance known as cologne. The joke typically involves a pun or wordplay that connects the two meanings of the word "Cologne" in a humorous way. It is a light-hearted and often silly joke that relies on the double meaning of the word to create humor.
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